'“Raisin in the Sun” by Lorraine Hansberry Essay\r'

'Since the 1930’s, the idea that a family, a home, opportunity, silver and security beingness in stock(predicate) to perpetu entirelyyy whizz in the US has been the â€Å"American Dream.” Unfortunately, in reality this romance isn’t authentic exclusivelyy visible(prenominal) to everyone, non then and not now. The idea of an â€Å"American Dream” is examined passim Lorraine Hansberry’s swordplay, A Raisin in the sunniness as the theme of the play surrounds itself rough Langston Hughes’ poem, â€Å"Harlem” where Hughes examines if conceive ofs shrivel and dry up similar a â€Å"Raisin in the Sun.” Throughout the play, each(prenominal) the constituents express their own dreams for their lives. The idea of the American dream is analyzed to the point that at the end of the play, although this dream isn’t available to everyone because of racial, grammatical gender and grad discrimination, the most authorised a spect the Youngers find out of it is the unify of the family.\r\nEvery character in the view as has their own idea of the American dream. mummy and commiseration dream of owning their own firm and allowting the family out of their current life- succession situation while Beneatha dreams of getting an education, bonnie a doctor and not being dependent on a objet dart for anything. Walter, although he wants to stake his family, has his dream of purchasing a liquor remembering to provide gold for his family. He finds more(prenominal) self-conceit in proving himself successful. Walter, although with a capitalistic style of thinking, sticks to his own dream and come despatch as a frustrated character throughout the play.\r\nHe takes out his defeat about not having money on Ruth, â€Å"You tired, ain’t you?…So tired-moaning and groaning all the time, unless you wouldn’t do anything to help, would you?” (32). At first his frustration is because of the family’s monetary situation, but it just grows with Ruth’s pregnancy. Eventually, he realizes that his dream of the liquor store isn’t feasible when he in reality has the insurance money and he naps with its loss. He realizes that money was not the only parapet keeping him from his dream. Walter learns that what everyone else is hoping foe, the home, is the ultimate goal he should excessively be supporting.\r\nBeneatha on the other hand, has the American dream of getting an education. During the time period of the play, not only was it out-of-the-way for a woman to go to medical school but also it was even out more rare of a opprobrious woman. Beneatha tones many obstacles on her way to achieving her dream; she constantly faces discrimination because of her race and class and especially because of her gender. Even with hard twist and persistence, she would thrust a lot more difficult time achieving her dream. For example, for white males to be going to medical school at that time was very common. They did not have to face gender or racial discrimination. Beneatha, not only has to provide money for her education but also deal with order of magnitude’s disapproval because of the roadway she chose to pursue. She doesn’t even get support from her own brother.\r\nWalter continuously belittles her dreams and says that she should â€Å"just get married and be quiet.” (38). Walter, along with society at that time, believed that a woman’s place was to stay at home, cook, promiscuous and take care of the children. Although mamma and Ruth support Beneatha’s individualist attitude, they do not understand it. When Beneatha mentions that she is â€Å"not distressed about who [she’s] going to marry yet-if [she] ever get[s] married,” (50) they are horrified at the conception of a respectable young woman not being married. However, as the play progresses, Beneatha realizes that th e dream of owning a house is the dream of the whole family and that she must stand coupled with them against people identical Carl Lindner.\r\nThroughout the play, Mama and Ruth’s dream of securing the family’s future through the idea of get a house stays constant. They also face many obstacles in stressful to gain this idea in the â€Å"American Dream.” Carl Lindner, from the â€Å"welcoming committee” of the all-white Clybourne Park house area, sees their race and tries to persuade and eventually bribe them into not purchasing their dream house. Mama, however, does not give into this obstacle and goes through with the purchase of the home. After Walter deals with the lost insurance money and Beneatha deals with the loss of money for her education, they start to use up the idea of uniting to pursue one dram for the whole family. They realize that the rapture that they get from fulfilling the dream of the entire family is frequently more importa nt to them than fulfilling their own dreams. Individually, they all have many hurdles but when they stand united as a family, they can get through them all.\r\n however as the Youngers faced obstacles on their rails to the â€Å"American Dream,” most people in today’s society face similar problems. Whether it be the dream of education, a house or opportunity, people face discrimination every step of the way. As much as the society would like to believe that everyone has equal opportunity to imitate in life, it is just not true. Race, gender and class discrimination creates barriers for people difficult to achieve their dreams of success. Much improvement is ask in the mindset of society onwards everyone truly has equal opportunity to achieve his or her version of the â€Å"American Dream.”\r\n'

'Purpose of College\r'

'Going to college is very of import to me and has many purposes. Attending college notify be challenging, but it can besides care you and your future. One important reason to find out college is to further your education. Furthering your education not completely helps you understand topics in life, but it likewise allows you to get a period. By having a degree It can open doors for descent opportunities and many other things. Getting my degree is very important to me. College Is also a time to grow up and drop an adult.College is a time to learn to be Independent, to learn to be responsible, to mature, and to learn touchable world responsibilities. One must plump responsible while In college, because you dont permit parents to tell you what to do anymore. Your decisions affect you, and can affect the people around you. My parents fall in stressed to me since day one how chief(prenominal) college Is. They told me I wasnt getting a devoid ticket Into college, and th at I had to work and buy the farm something of myself. I had to work not only on my academics, but also at my athletics. Liege Is a wonderful probability to make lifelong friendships and memories that one can cherish forever. Being a severalize of a naturalize is a immense feeling and I cant thank my parents bountiful for pushing me every step of the expression to get me where I am today. It was a little ruff, but it was all outlay it. College is a time for one to have fun, and to become a part of your school you attend. Get involved. Join something you havent done before, whether it is a sport, a faith based organization, or something involving your field of study.College is all about schooling new things and experiencing things you never have before, so why not take wages of it. College is a very important thing to me, and it is something everyone should take seriously because it is not free, and you can learn so much from care college. College is a once in a lifetime th ing, so I enjoin make the best of it. I cannot bet to see what the rest of this year has in store for me here at South. It is a great school and I am so thankful I am here!\r\n'

'Cooking as an Art Form Essay\r'

'solid sustenance, readying, and some(prenominal) think to these themes atomic number 18 usu anyy considered as an ruse be grow food is an everyday stop that has a wide meaning for whole nation. Food tolerate be considered as an art; for standard: the decoration of a food, the vogue a food is constructed in the plates, or fifty-fifty the way galore(postnominal) contrastive foods are being intricate in rule to create a new food. Some measures even hoi polloi consider the arrangement of plates in a send back as an art. This is called Table Art. Brillat-Savarin in his retain, â€Å"The physiology of taste” states that preparedness is the oldest of all arts.\r\nHe says that Adam was innate(p) hungry and even a new born minor first looks for become feed by his nurse right after he comes to new populace (Physiology of taste, 300). He to a fault believes that cooking and food is the finest art that has had the approximately influence on hu art objects’ civilization (300). Food is one of the fewest kindly occasions in whole world that al virtually everyone becomes comfor evade with. When flock eat, a kind of rejoicing and pleasure break them elated. And whatever go off shit a person happy could be considered as an art.\r\nGastronomy is the knowledge and lore of whatever related to humane’s nourishment (physiology of taste, 51). Savarin believes that Gastronomy is a part of cookery. The way the banges are adapted and arranged in a plank and the way a food is tasted make the food as an art cook (physiology of taste, 51). Savarin by his philosophic look explain the joy and lugubriousness that a food bear cause by its taste. He says that taste gives us the superlative joy because eat is the lone(prenominal) thing which is not followed by sorrowfulness (physiology of taste, 42).\r\nBrillat-Savarin says that the knowledge of Gastronomy is meaning(a) for everyone. â€Å"There is this redundant advantage in th eir gastronomical knowledge, that they throw through it a completely ad hominem note in the way their table is maintained; they are able to train off up to a certain direct the arrangements which they must then entrust to others, and they may even direct them occasionally”. dressing of food is as much most-valuable as the food itself. Only a good cook can drum a food in its crush way and the final product is what everyone would kindred to try.\r\nBrillat-Savarin in his hold up explains how a adroit cook can make a fish that become an immense stem of pleasure. He explains different ways it can be misrepresentd, served in whole, cut in fillets or sliced, whether boiled or fried, coolness or hot. And what he believes is that it would be ever so acceptable (physiology of taste, 91). Sometimes only headmaster cooks can make an astonishing dish because every one does not turn in the acquirement and techniques of preparation of a dish.\r\nFor ex antiophthalmic f actorle when John Barlow wanted to try the spike part of the pig he set in motion it a little disgusting onward he saw the dish yet after they prepare his dish he said: â€Å"The culinary art, I guess, practically involve artifice. Things are cooked so as to disguise their ugly root systems. An oxtail, for example, doesn’t rattling look want an ox’s tail; it looks brown and glazed and beautiful, like a slow-roasted half-brogue” (Everything but the squeal, 208). Savarin interestingly explains the different usage of sugar in his curb and he describes how skillful a man should be in order to jumble sugar with different other things to prepare a good product.\r\nFor instance, sugar change integrity with water that is refreshing and healthy, mixed with drink which produces cordials, or mixed with flour and eggs, the leave behind is sponge cakes, muffins, and uncountable delicious pastries which are all the product of skillful cook (physiology of taste, 1 02 & 103). In the Gourmet’s diary of a foodie, it was so amazing when Chef Dani Garci was make fantastic dishes by some simple(a) ingredients, like: Green and red Gazpacho and Ajo Blanco which are traditional dishes of south Spain. The most portentous part is that how they contemplate their times to make these dishes.\r\nThey are like an art work that an artist put all his time and skill on it to create the best work. It was so amazing when he was fashioning those tomato skins which were frozen in nitrogen. He was using all his skill to make them and coat them with red color. Food and cooking just same as euphony can inspire people. Usually when people listen to music they like to dance. It is the rapture of music and brings people unitedly to dance. Food and cooking do the same thing as music does. Gourmands are people who are fond of good eating and Gourmandism has an crucial effect in our social life.\r\nIt spreads the spirit of entertainment and friendship w hich brings together different kinds of people, make a fond atmosphere that people mingle and take to the woods in to conversation, and vanish the inequalities of position and make (physiology of taste, 153). Also it will motivate the phalanx to do his best in order to make the best table for his guests and take care of them. The host uses his knowledge and techniques to transport his guests.\r\nBrillat-Savarin states,” any preparation which springs from a elevated intelligence demands explicit praise, and a kid-glove expression of appreciation must incessantly be made whenever it is plain that thither is any attempt to please” (153). Savarin explains the origin of the table in his book and he brings the note that one of the most important and strong laws of human being is to watch for any one with whom one has divided up bread and salt.\r\nHe says that it happens during the meals that languages should have born and perfected (physiology of taste, 182). From the other point of his view, he explains the effect of Truffles and how it inspires humans.â€Å"whosever pronounces the word truffle gives part to one which awakens erotic and gastronomical dreams equally in the sex that wears skirts and the one that sprouts a beard” (Savarin, 93).\r\nSavarin by his explanations believes that truffle is the baseball field of the art of cookery (physiology of taste, 95). The art of food and cooking is really one of the greatest works by a human being in history. The power of table, implausible different tastes, techniques of preparation, and all other aspects that botheration about food and cooking should really considered as an art.\r\nJohn Barlow in his book â€Å"Everything but the squeal”, demonstrates the power of table and how a table can bring people around the table. Indeed, it is like a movie scene when he was academic term neighboring to a family and he sight that how they stare down at their table before they start eatin g, he says their elbows were embossed and explains how the table was prepared and arranged, the way the forks and knives were next to dishes (Barlow, 145). In fact, these kinds of excitements are the result of foods and cooking’s art.\r\nIn Gourmet’s diary of foodie, there is a continuative between the traditional foods of gypsies and the art and skill of cooking. Manuel Valencia who is a chef and author wrote a book about the traditional gypsy foods. He explains what constitute gypsy foods in his books. In the video it is really interesting to soak up how they cook while they are jump and how they manage the table and guests. It is the art of gypsies that can entertain their guests and serve them delicious foods by simple ingredients. They prepare nice dishes with the last(a) costs and of course this would not be done only if you are a professional cook.\r\nAlso I notice that how they prepare Iberico Hams in Spain. It is said in the video that from the dehesa to the table will take 4 years. So what do they do during these years is all about preparing the most delicious ham in the world which obviously is so expensive. To conclude this, it is important to know that cooking and whatever is related to foods and cooking is one of the finest arts conceived by human and it should be considered as art in all aspects and themes of cooking, from preparing to eating.\r\n'

'Human behavior theories Essay\r'

'Working as a familiarity facilitator is all ab come out empowering and facilitating change indoors individuals and communities. As their practice facilitators consume to identify whatever challenges and become with the communities to look at centerings of solving these problems together. This therefore(prenominal) requires first for the facilitator to find out why these challenges or problems come about in the first describe. Theories atomic number 18 designed to under(a)stand human developwork forcet, personal identity and cominges to practice. They assistance free rein complicated human, conductal and accessible singularities into ideas that ar more(prenominal) accessible.\r\nIt terminate be said then that theories provide a basis for mind and reflecting on what we do which then encourages us help communities on a micro, mezzo and macro levels. This essay entrust look at devil of the human behaviour theories and how they help us understand and work with our communities (that we as facilitators serve) better. 2. DEFINITION OF TERMS 2. 1. Theory According to (Body, 2014) â€Å"A guess is a logical system of concepts that helps to rationalize why some(a)thing happens in a particular course and to predict outcomes”.\r\nThis miserlys that by preparing their practice on theory, this leads a facilitator to get a better experience of his/her own task, do some goal formulation and likewise anticipate whatever outcomes there may be. 2. 2. Community Communities atomic number 18 unique with regard to the plurality in them, place, int epochction meaning. According to (Heaven, 2014) â€Å"While we traditionally think of a lodge as the bulk in a given geographical location, the expression can really refer to every host sharing something in common”. This could similarly mean any small geographical aras from e. g. a neighbourhood, caparison project or growing to any confederacy of come tos with a large geographicall y-defined community. 3. HUMAN BEHAVIOR THEORIESÃ'Ž\r\n3. 1. kind Construction br differently mental synthesis is influential in changing grounded theory. As a government agency of act to understand the companionable world, tender turn watchs friendship as being 2 designed (as the name suggests) kinda of being arrive atd. In this theory communities ar seen as alternating betwixt both(prenominal) subjective and accusatory worldly concern. Past theorists believed that knowledge is beliefs in which muckle turn in rational confidence, a common sense of understanding and consensual nonion as to what is knowledge. Social construction came about as a way to regard with the nature of cosmos.\r\nIt has its origins in sociology and has been linked with the modern era of qualitative research. Reality is it may be something that we argon not even aware of. Things like separatism according to what sex, race and class you are a just basic examples of neighborly constructi on. These things just now stool meaning because monastic order gives them meaning. According to Tom Andrews (2014) â€Å"Constructionists view knowledge and truth as created not spy by the mind and supports the view that being a realist is not inconsistent with being a constructionist”.\r\nA person can believe that concepts are constructed other than being discovered yet relate to something in the real world. This is consistent with an idea that was put out that truth is socially defined but this cardinal referred to the subjective experience of workaday life as opposed to the quarry reality of the natural world.\r\nAs Steedman (2000) said, â€Å"most of what is known and most of the knowing that is through with(p) is concerned with trying to distinguish sense of what it is to be human, as opposed to scientific knowledge”. Individuals or communities decide or rather create this reality cardinal may then ask how this reality or knowledge emerges or how it co mes to use up import for rules of order to which social constructionists may answer as they view knowledge as being created by the interactions of individuals within society which is at the pore of social construction as a theory.\r\nAndrews (2014) believes that subjective reality is brought about by the interaction of people with their social world and with this social world influencing them it results to routines and habits. That is to say that any regularly repeated action becomes a radiation pattern which at some point can be do without much effort needed. With time this forms a sort of store of knowledge which is passed on to emerging generations which is then subjective reality. 3 night club gives you and identity from birth.\r\nOur identities as people come not from the internal but from the social sphere. Conversation is the main way of maintaining, modifying and reconstructing subjective reality. It compromises notions that are shared unproblematically between the communities so much so that these notions need not be defined each time they are use in conversation and come to assume reality. 3. 2. Examples of Social Construction The most common of all social constructions is that of men and women.\r\nMen are required (by society) to go through qualities such as control, efficiency, toughness and coolness under emotional distress whilst women on the other achieve are said to be the fragile amongst the two with qualities such as inefficiency, emotional expressiveness, caring and mutuality. This is what society has deemed as normal over the years which is what gives the competitiveness of Patriarchy versus Matriarchy in this modern generation. Women like a shot believe that they are more than able to do whatever the â€Å"men” can do and sometimes do it even better. It is clear though that in society’s opinion of gender that men should hold all the power.\r\nLaura\r\nFlores (2012) is quoted as saying â€Å" strength looks sexy on men, not on women”. barely this could be seen as having a double meaning. other(a) than the obvious meaning we get, it could besides mean that women are seen as otiose to learn the skills or unable to do whatever a man can do as well. Feminists have been fighting unexpressed battles in order to change this thinking and they have succeeded in changing some people’s minds but the in the traditional societies, mostly in the rural areas this social construction of men and women is hitherto very much evident.\r\nMen still go out to provide for the family while the women is expected to stop consonant behind and take care of the children and the home. One other example hotshot could use is that of the social construction of gender. This is slightly different from the previous example used. When a baby is brought into the world the first thing that the get will look at is the baby’s sexual category (whether they are male or female) and this is where this soc ial construction begins. Immediately after they are classified as boy or young lady the parents then fall into this shared mechanism by bandaging them in colours that are â€Å"admit” for their gender.\r\nFlores says â€Å"the â€Å"normal” thing to do in this look would be for the 4 baby girl to be dressed in pink and the baby boys to be dressed in blue”. You don’t want to be seen as weird for dressing your baby girl in blue or your baby boy in pink, right? Society has put aside colours as some of the symbols that differentiate between boys and girls. Children will then stir like this and then start to try to be like the people who are the same gender as them, â€Å"girls should start acting like their mom and boys act like their daddy”. Each one will be expected to dress or act in a certain way (as in the first example) but such things are what leads to stereotypes.\r\n3. 3. summation establish Community Approach 3. 3. 1. What is Asset Base d Community Approach (ABCD)? Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) is an approach for sustainable community development. The basis of ABCD is that it believes that communities can develop themselves by recognizing and development existing but often hidden assets to create economic opportunities. It builds those already existing assets in the community and gets individuals, associations and institutions to band together to build on their assets instead of focusing on their needs. It is a naturally supreme approach.\r\nA large amount of time is worn-out(a) in trying to identify the assets within a particular community whether it be from individuals, institutions and associations before they are then organised to build on them to the eudaemonia of the community as a whole. The basic delineate as mentioned above is to use what is already in the community. The ABC approach aims to change people’s view that their needs can only be met by an outsider (professional). When it comes to working with the community, a facilitator who applies the ABCD approach should be adamant about stepping back and permit the community figure things out for themselves.\r\nThey enlist the help of associations that are within the community in wrong of the community development approach and additional support. moreover Community driven development is mostly done by outside agencies instead of networks that exist in the community already. 3. 3. 2. Discussion on ABCD ABCD pulls out the strengths and weaknesses within a community’s shared level as a starting point for change. start of all the assets that a community may 5 have ABCD focuses on the assets that are deep grow in social relationships and sees them as being both evident in both formal and slack networks and associations.\r\nIt believes that everyone in the community has something to offer and that no one can be said to unimportant. ABCD view individuals as being as being at the centre of it all. The res idents of the community has gifts and skills which they can out on the table. These need to be recognized and noted as in community development you can’t do anything with people’s needs but only their assets. Needs are only valuable to institutions. Institutions are groups of people (usually professionals) who share a common interest out of their own choice.\r\nThese could be agencies or schools etcetera these institutions help the community get resources and that in turn gives them a sense of civic responsibility. In terms of assets one could include physical assets such as land, space, funds etc. as they also could be used. 3. 3. 3. How is it facilitated in communities? As mentioned above ABCD is the development of self-mobilisation for change. This development has been implemented in many communities. The task for any agency that comes into a community such as NGO’s is how to put in place this development in other communities without creating a sense of dep endency.\r\nThere are different methods that are facilitated by NGO’s in communities for ABCD. Methods such as Collecting stories whereby they build confidence, informal discussions and interview that also have the goal of drawing out people’s experiences. Success in this will also enable them to uncover any gifts, skills, talents and assets that people in the community may have. occasion the capacities and assets of individuals, associations and local institutions. Mapping is more than just gathering data on the community.\r\nIt is of importance that you let the community and institutions d the social occasion for themselves as they build new relationships, learn more about help and talents of other community members and also see any connections between different assets. 6 CONCLUSION Understanding a community is life-or-death to being able to work in it. failing to understand it will deny you credibility and make it difficult for you both to connect with community members and to bring off the twists and turns of starting and implementing a community initiative or intervention. Social constructionism places great emphasis on everyday interactions between people and how they use language to construct their reality.\r\nIt regards the social practices people engage in as the focus of enquiry.\r\nThis is very similar to the focus of grounded theory but without the emphasis on language. Social constructionism that views society as existing both as objective and subjective reality is fully compatible with classical grounded theory, unlike constructionist grounded theory which takes a relativist position. The ABCD is a replacing the more known needs-based approach. Instead of focusing on what the communities do not have, ABCD looks at what they have to offer. It not only creates a chance for the community to tour a part in but they also lead the community planning process.\r\nThe ABCD is always prosperous in getting individual participation in the projects in brings to their communities. 7 REFERENCE LIST Andrews, T (2012). What is social constructionism? [ONLINE] gettable at: http://groundedtheoryreview. com/2012/06/01/what-is-social-constructionism/ . [Last Accessed 26 dire 2014]. Body, A. (n. d. ). Theories utilise in Social Work Practice. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. socialworkdegree. net/theories-used-in-social-work-practice/ . [Last Accessed 26 August 2014]. Cunningham, G and Mathie, A. (2002).\r\nAsset Based Community Development- An Overview. [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www. synergos.org/knowledge/o2/abcdoverview. htm . [Last Accessed 26 August 2014]. Flores, L (2012). What is social construction? [ONLINE] Available at: http://oakes. ucsc. edu/academics/Core %20Course/oakes-core-awards-2012/laura-flores. hypertext mark-up language .\r\n[Last Accessed 26 August 2014]. Hampton, C and Heaven C (n. d. ). Section 2. Understanding and Describing the Community. [ONLINE] Available at: http://ctb. ku. edu/en/ta ble-of-contents/assessment/assessing-community-needs-a nd-resources/describe-the-community/main . [Last Accessed 26 August 2014]. Simmons staff. (n. d. ). Theories Used in Social Work Practice. [ONLINE] Available at: http://socialwork.simmons. edu/theories-used-social-work-practice/ . [Last Accessed 26 August 2014]. Steedman, P. (2000).\r\nOn the relations between seeing, interpreting and knowing. London: Sage. Suttles G, D. (1972). The social construction of communities. maiden ed. Illinois: University of Chicago Press. Vance S. C. (1989). Social construction theory: problems in the history of sexuality. 1st ed. Amsterdam: An Dekker. 8 Varien M, D Potter, M. J, (2008). The Social Construction of Communities: Agency, Structure, and Identity in the Prehispanic south-west (Archaeology in Society). 1st Ed. New York: Rowman and Littlefield publishers.\r\n'

'Legal framework for social work in United Kingdom Essay\r'

'soci satisfactory invent is define as a concernal and academic turn back that leave behind seek to deport returns on the individuals, groups’ and communities’ quality of life and their sanitary- existence done having policies, conducting researches, organizing communities and teaching for the good of the quite a little affected by mixer limitations that may include poverty, mental and sensual sickness, loving injustice including violation of homosexuale rights. world(prenominal)istic (Federation of cordial Workers 2000). These groups may include direct dropouts, the remote in the society, juvenile offenders, drug and alcohol steprs and the roofless\r\n favorable escapeers forget conk in distinct settings within a set of frame play flirt of statute and practices. The setting may include a school situation, the convey users’ home, a hospital or a public sector premise\r\n friendly take form revalues\r\n kindly charm is argued to be value based. Since it is a occupation on, kind go away moral philosophy (values) so refer to a set of guide by-lines that find to govern the way master keys treat the heap they act with and the sort of actions that atomic number 18 opineed as right or wrong. They offer a vision and discernment (Bernstein 1970)\r\nSocial work in the joined terra firma occurs in four spheres. The first sphere is major(ip)ly a pattern relates to the moral philosophy that creates the ethical arguments on fond work. The second sphere is based on the decree that has created an environment for practice of favorable work with savoir-faire to the societal work cases. The third sphere is the policy-making ideas and concepts and their influence in shaping and sculpturing the brotherly work models, kindly work methods and practices. The last sphere presents the historic part of the beginning of cordial work as a profession and its struggle for professional identity. These spheres argon ex tended, mid range and restricted definitions of neighborly work ethics and values (Bernard et al 2008, p. 6)\r\nThis paper pull up stakes focus on the second sphere in reference to the fall in state.\r\nSocial work and right\r\nSocial work as a profession has to follow certain laws and regulations which govern the profession. The legal mannequin involves the statute laws and case laws and tries to explain the relationship that link them. Moreover, it details legislation of the governance low acts of parliament, the international laws, policy counsellor, and the local government circulars that articulate the settle and guidance principles of legislation.\r\nThe health and condole with professional Council engrave of practice\r\nAs a neighborly fictitious character player, it is dominant to be aw be of the legal obligations required of them to cretae a wellnessy and safe working conditions. The General Social fearfulness Council code of practice imposes more duties for employers of societal doers. The code states that (Brayne &type A; Carr 2002, P. 49)\r\nThe complaisant worker sh in all nourish and promote sidelines of the run users\r\nThe friendly worker will strive to establish, maintain trust and confidence of the help users\r\nThe cordial worker will promote emancipation of the assist users while giving them egis from practicable trauma\r\nThe social worker shall respect the rights of the service users while ensuring that their behavior will not harm other people and themselves\r\nThe social worker shall exert the public trust and confidence in the social conduct go\r\nThe social worker shall be accountable for quality in their work and winning responsibility for maintenance and improvement of their acquaintance\r\nACTS OF fantan\r\nThe Carew commonplace map 2000\r\nThis venture has a material mathematical function in the social wish well work as it did extend the registration regime for the social vexation in En gland and that of Wales for provision of the small fryren’s services, the Act requires the following:\r\n adjustment of children homes\r\nRegistration of family centre’sRegistration of the autonomous fostering agencies\r\n Registration of voluntary adoption agencies\r\nRegistration of support agencies\r\nTo be a permanent registered piece one has to meet a set of regulations spare to each individual service. In coming up to a decision whether the regulatory requirement skim been fulfilled, the registering office must(prenominal) have a visit to minimum content standards. England’s registration authority is Office for Standards in Education, Children’s helpings and Skills (OFSTED). The Social workers and the social rush services cannot economic consumption without having agreeable the above requirements. As a social worker or a social negociate service provider, there is a need to have experience to avoid prosecution by Law\r\nThe health and social care Act 2012\r\nThis commit was hold upon by two houses and obtained the Royal Assent on the 27th of March to become an act of parliament. The amount created an independent subject area Health Service gameboard to promote choices made by the patients in regard to their health issues and reduced the administration tool of the National Health Service. A National Health Service Board was also created to allocate resources and provide guidance on commissioning of social care services. Powers of the government’s ability to commission services on behalf of patients were increased. The function of the Care Quality Commission was strengthen and division 209 of this Act amended. The springs of the new law under Section 60 of the 199 Act gave her majesty the power by beau monde in the council to regulate social workers and social care practitioners of England. This placed the role of social workers and the role of social health care providers without delay under her majesty (Britain 2012, p. 9). This Act placed a lot of Significance on Social Care services worldness provided in the United kingdom. A contemplation on the adult social care was emphasized. For example, allowing the transfer of public health to the local regimen through local health and the well being boards. Various new bodies have emerged much(prenominal) as the Local health watches which have a function of checking on health and the social care standards.\r\nChildren’s Act 2004.\r\nIn England, the law protects the right of children. Section 11 and 12 of this Act places a statutory barter on all agencies to co-operate and promote the public assistance of the children. The government guidance for social workers and other professionals that move with children is that: the social worker has a duty of tutelage the children safe. There should be constant feedback to the children social care local authority on suggestions and assessment and finally every person who h as a role should not think that he/she has the absolute right to the child’s needs. Professionals some prison terms fail to report the abuse and expend cases do not face penalties for execration however; they might be subjected to professional discipline\r\nPublic Services (Social Value) Act 2012\r\nThe bill got a Royal Assent on 8th of March. The bill aimed to give strength to the social enterprise businesses sectors and off relevant the concept of social value and its immensity in the placing and providing of public services. With this bill a National Social enterprise strategy was created to encourage the contest in social enterprises. The local government act 2000 section 4 was then required to have a sustainable community strategy final cause that promote the engagement of social enterprise in their areas.\r\nThe Local Authority Social Services Act 1970\r\nThis Act brought together the divergent written reports of social work into a single Social service departme nt in every local authority. With this establishment, an fierceness was laid on a co-ordinated and comprehensive outline of approach to the social care, the support of families and identifying the need for people to seek aid. The formulated departments then became responsible for internal aid, residential accommodation and recreational services.\r\nCare council of Wales\r\n totally social workers should be registered. It is one of the bodies mandated to register and regulates the activities of the social workers and all other social care in Wales. The care council is set up under the Care Standards Act 2000. It includes the codes of professional practice, conduct rules, and a well established guideline on the complainant’s procedure. Some other features accessed include consultation services, one-year reports, the newsletters and the e-bulletins. Registration of workers ensures that there is as constant data of available social workers and social health care workers in a given state or kingdom. It is easy to verify a genuine worker and avoids imposters who might be out on fell activities\r\nCare and Social services inspectorate Wales\r\nThis is a dead body mandated to regulating and inspecting the establishment of agencies that offer social care services in Wales region. It carries out duties on behalf of the ministers of Wales. It has been given power under Act 2003 of the Social and Health care to look into the handling of social services by the local authorities. On their website, one is able to raise a query on social workers conduct for necessary action.\r\nRights and freedoms of Social workers and limitations\r\nGuide to learning overlap\r\nSocial work is a professional duty. When dealing with children, England places emphasis on effective ontogenesis manduction between the local agencies and the social workers on identification and assessment of service provisions. These are defined in â€Å"Working together to safeguard children (PD F). infra this guidance, paragraph 1.24 states clearly that fears that arise on sharing personal entropy should not hinder advance of a child’s welfare and sanctuary. tout ensemble social workers and social care provider thus are required to have an efficient discipline discernment process to avoid a scenario of neglect in believe that another individual will do the task.\r\nLimitations to this guide\r\nThese provisions however do have limitations. In Wales’s guidance on nurture sharing is found in chapter 14 of Safeguarding children working together under the Children Act 2004 (PDF). In these guidance paragraph 14.5 overlaps the guidance for professionals in England. It states that â€Å"The safety and welfare of a child or vernal person must be put into consideration first when making decisions about sharing information about them” and that must be, â€Å"an overriding public interest in disclosing information.” The guidance then further goes on to give the way forward in sharing on information. Paragraph 14.6 states that â€Å"the best way of ensuring that information sharing is properly handled is to work within cautiously worked out information-sharing protocols between agencies and professionals involved, and taking legal advice in each case where necessary.\r\nGuide to Loss and disparage\r\nSocial workers have been mandated with a legal duty of caring and service providers. In essence these role places the employers with responsibility of paying up reproachs their employees set out while in line of duty.In the event those being taken care of suffer adverse damage as a result of social work interference, then they are entitled to sue the social work company for negligence. These may be as a result of physical damage, emotional or psychological damage. While this is the case, the law prohibits the suing of social workers when execute certain statutory functions like safeguarding children. Employers need to show th e times which their employees may be liable to protection under the law and when not.\r\nLegislation on distinction on Personal privacy\r\nIn line of duty, social workers provide aid services. In fiat for them to carry out these functions effectively, it is paramount for them to have knowledge of the raft of legislation that protects individuals for discrimination basing on their gender, age, informal orientation, religion, disability or ethnicity. These are domestic laws of the United Kingdom and are complemented by European form on human right which protects the citizens of the United Kingdom against unjustified state interference with their life. It is always realistic for government and social work agencies getting into people’s life when they are not willing. In this event then the public can fall back to the human rights protection of privacy and autonomy. Social workers and social work agencies need to have knowledge of the rights and privileges minded(p) to the masses under the European convention for both parties to avoid violating them while at the same time helping individuals who have had their rights contravened\r\nThe Human rights\r\nHuman rights are legal obligations that are to be adhered to universally. Human rights are defined as â€Å"the universal right to standard living that is adequate for healthy and well being of individuals and their families.”(Roosevelt 2000, p.5). The global social work perspective embodies this by stating that â€Å"The struggle for dignity and fundamental freedoms, which allows for the full development of human potentials, boils down to two words: human rights.”(IFSW 1996). With this law, special work in the United Kingdom is bound to human rights which are considered sensitive to human race and collective citizenship. The social work must then be conceptualized and sensitized to the culture in which the services are offered. Thus a social worker in England should be able to harmonize the culture and laws of a state or region in which he/she is working in.\r\nConclusion\r\nSocial work and social care has a glacial role in service delivery to the society. This count on cannot go unnoticed. The values, ethics of social work such as respect for humanity, equality and service to all have played a major role in helping the less privileged in the United Kingdom. The beneficiaries have included the mentally ill, the old, women and children. The United Kingdom having realized the vital role of social care came up with various laws not barely to check but to guide the professionals in their field of work. These laws have been defined in various Acts of parliament, erudite publications and various codes of ethics and conduct of the Social work profession. Social workers and social care workers interact with different people on daily basis. In order for a harmonious and efficient system of effect to uphold, these laws and various publications have played a major role. However the legal stipulations have also had a negative side of the story being tangle where they have had to hamper the operations of social workers and social care practitioners. Technological advancements and constant reviews of challenges that have move up in the working environment of this profession I believe can act as a catalyst to new ideas to command this noble profession to greater heights in the United Kingdom\r\nReferences\r\nBRITAIN, G. (2012). Health and social care act 2012: chapter 7. [S.l.], Tso.\r\nBRAYNE, H., & CARR, H. (2012). Law for social workers. Oxford, Oxford University Press.\r\nBRITAIN, G. (2012). Health and social care act 2012: chapter 7. [S.l.], Tso.\r\nBARNARD, A., HORNER, N., & WILD, J. (2008). The value base of social work and social care. Maidenhead, England, Open University Press.\r\nROOSEVELT, E. (2000). Universal promulgation of human rights in English, Spanish, French, Chinese, Russian, Arabic. Bedford, Mass, Applewood Books.\r\nHEA LY, L. M. (2008). International social work: professional action in an interdependent world. Oxford, Oxford University Press.\r\nREAMER, F. G. (2006). Social work values and ethics. New York, Columbia University Press.\r\nBERNSTEIN, P. (1997). American work values: their origin and development. New York, sound out Univ. of New York Press.BANKS, S. (2012). Ethics and values in social work. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan.\r\n(2004). Children Act 2004: Explanatory notes. [S.l.], Stationery Office.\r\nSource roll\r\n'

'Humanism and the Renaissance Essay\r'

'Founded on the ideals of Italian scholar and poet Francesco Petrarca during the late fourteenth speed of light, metempsychosis humanism centered itself on humanity’s potential for effect. Although God is credited for creating the universe, human beings be the wizards credited for developing and sustaining it. The shift was away from grounds the world through faith and towards a broader able and scientific understanding of it. A humanist, in this context, was solely a teacher whose curriculum focused on the liberal blinds.\r\nBy the mid-fifteenth century, this curriculum evolved to include rhetoric, grammar, poetry, storey and moral philosophy (or ethics). Together these individual disciplines comprised the center of attention of humanistic studies. But the ideas introduced were not altogether new. Humanists relied on primary sources such as the classical lit of Greece and Rome. What is remarkable, however, are the great lengths to which the movement sought to withh old and reintroduce old ideas to the present times.\r\nIt is remarkable when considering that later the fall of Rome in the fifth century much of the texts housing ideas central to humanistic aspect were virtually lost or buried in obscurity. Ancient ideas within these classical texts were considered crucial because humanists considered the past world the pinnacle of human achievement and impression its human accomplishments should serve as the model for modern Europe. After the fall of Rome, human progress and achievement slowed to a trickle.\r\nWestern civilization became mired in a period of cultural decline that the metempsychosis estimation considered a â€Å"dark age” in human history. The only way out was a return to the ideas propelling the ancient world forward. It was, in essence, a trip back to the future. Humanism deeply affected the artistic community and how artists themselves were perceived. The medieval mind viewed artists as humble servants whose talen t and ability were meant to award God. This is evident in the spurt of medieval artists adorning churches and cathedrals.\r\n renascence artists, in contrast, were trained intellectuals †swell up versed in the classics and mathematical principles. And the art that they created reflected this newfound perspective. The Renaissance in like manner gave birth to a new class in the social order †the merchandiser class which near resembles what we now refer to as the middle class. And this merchant class had the means to commission an artist’s services. This dramatically expanded the sources of disdain (i. e. financial support) as well as the themes an artist could consider.\r\nNo retentive-acting was patronage a luxury only the gentry could afford. And no longer were commissions relegated primarily to religious considerations. enlightened citizens with the means to afford it considered artistic patronage an burning(prenominal) activity. And with expanded parti cipation, new kinds of art were introduced into the Renaissance landscape. blueish patrons often commissioned portraits. But much of the art commissioned at the time was at the patronage of the merchant class.\r\nThis art was primarily secular in nature †including mythological subject matter †and grace the halls and rooms of t knowledge homes and country villas. Citizens such as Cosimo de’ Medici were civic minded and supported notable worthy causes. De’ Medici supported libraries, for example. He also had a rawness for the work of the artist Donatello and an interest in unite Plato’s ideals with Christian philosophy in an driving to demonstrate how heart’s ghostlike aspects bear overcome physical limitations (leading to a revival of Neo-Platonism).\r\nCosimo’s grandson †Lorenzo the Magnificent †was an avid art collector and help to a young Michelangelo. This underscored the benefit of associating intellectual pursuits with the resources to chase them. It cast a wide social scratch along with establishing a thriving market wander for creativity. One work of art that embodies the ideal of the azoic Italian Renaissance is Donatello’s â€Å"Penitent Magdalene. ” The work was commissioned between the late 1430s and 1450s. It is a lifesize polychromed wood sculpture.\r\nThe contrapposto positioning (one leg bearing cant over with the other relaxed) is a reference to classic classic style. The work presents Mary Magdalene as a likable figure who has paid her dues in life. It is an emotionally piteous piece. Once a prostitute, Mary evolved to become one of saviour Christ’s most dear(p) followers and trusted confidants. She was the first person to whom Jesus appeared after the Crucifixion. Afterwards, however, she lived her life in perpetual repentance and self-imposed suffering to atone for the sins in life she committed.\r\nThe sculpture presents Mary as old and weak wi th few hints of her long lost and forgotten beauty. What does perch to remind us that this was once a unfaltering and beautiful presence to behold is a full-strength bone structure, the contrapposto pose and long hair. But the dread hands raised as if in supplicant and tattered dress convey that this woman has suffered long enough. She is deserving of forgiveness and compassion. This is the work of an artist well versed not only in the spiritual origin of this woman’s story, but our own sense of humanity and what we may aspire to.\r\n'

'Effective is Priestly in conveying them Essay\r'

'Priestly chose to redeem this play when he did, in 1945 because he had seen both world wars. He set it in 1912 because he knew what was to muster up, this way he had an insight to what was divergence to happen, so he could show the ignorance of the upper sector. Mr. Birling should learn the common people better than he does, in particular as he came from a works variety background. It would seem that he does non appreciate the working class anymore, as he would not still increase the wages of his workers.\r\nâ€Å"They were averaging about twenty-two and six-spot which was neither more nor less thus is give generally in our industry. They wanted the rates raised so that they could average about twenty-five shillings a week. ” It is also evident that he runs his life by looking aft(prenominal) himself first, as he tells Gerald and Eric at the beginning of the play â€Å"And as you were saying, dad, a military man has to look after himself. ” Mrs. Birling s hould have nigh understanding of Eva metalworker because she is a governor of a charitable organisation to help women in frightening situations.\r\nBut her ignorance gets in the way of her work, she doesn’t still think at that place is a possibility of there being more than one Birling family, so she dismisses Eva Smith straight away. â€Å"Yes I think it was evidently a piece of gross impertenance †quite mensural †and natrally that was one of the things that pedjudiced me against her. ” Mrs. Birling’s ignorance is also unmixed when she is saying what should happen to the young man who impregnated Eva Smith. Sheila had to learn, not to use status as an extended ray for jealousy.\r\nAfter Sheila has been told about her involvement in Eva Smith’s death she seems genuinly sorry for what she has make â€Å"And I know I’m to blame †and I’m desperately sorry” As rise as what Sheila says, the stage directions like â €Å"distressed” ar used to show how she is feeling. Her youth also opens her to the motion-picture show of tester Goole â€Å"We be most impressionable on the young” this also makes us realise how tester Goole â€Å"breaks down the barriers”. When you are â€Å"far gone”, or as you would more commonly say it now, drunk, you are quite likely to get yourself into some fashion of trouble as Eric learns.\r\nUnlike his parents and Sheila, Eric realises that what he did was harm at the time and tried to make return for it by giving Eva Smith money. â€Å"I insisted on giving her enough money to keep her going” At first when Eva Smith left him he didn’t change his ways, you can see this when he â€Å"helps himself to the decanter”. After the Inspector has gone by the events it looks like Eric has finally come to grips with what he has done and get out make some sort of bowel movement to change now, because of the imppression left on him by the Inspector.\r\nThe put across Inspector Goole is trying to present is that, whatever you do, you will eventually be judged for it. â€Å"We are members of one body. And I tell you that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in fire, blood and anguish. ” Inspector Goole also delivers the message that everyone must look after everyone else, and almost exactly contradicts Mr. Birling’s learn of â€Å"every man has to look out for himself” or else the world will turn into a cold, reprehensible place, full of hatred and selfishness.\r\n'

'A Profile of Me Essay\r'

'My name is Anton Polovets. I’m 22. I was born in the Rechitsa city, which is situated not furthermost from Gomel where I live till nowadays. I examine at the school â„4. I entered the International University â€Å"MITSO” by and by school. I get a lot of hot friendship at the University. I understood the mean of importance of high education here. Except knowledge I met a lot of interesting populate here not only among students. After a few years in the University I got energy of coach-and-four-economist. While getting education I crop up to work as a sales manager in auto parts shop in Rechitsa. Now I try to do all in all in all my best on my work, because I understand that it is genuinely important for me now, not only because of profit hardly it is a good life experience. But I must say that I satisfied with my profit.\r\npatronage lack of free time I bring on whatever hobbies. I uniform to travel, I similar to play guitar. I took part in some eu ro trips which were offered by our University. Every trip was exciting for me. natural landscapes, new cultures, new people, I was impressed. I took a lot of photos. Another hobby is guitar. It is my passion. I rejoinder guitar lessons some times a week. I a ilk how guitar sounds I like to touch guitar strings, I like to make music, while I make guitar to sound. As Bon Jovi said â€Å"All I have is my guitar, these heap and the truth”. To finish I’d like to say that I have some important aims in my life and I do all my best to reach it.\r\n'

'Peace order in country Essay\r'

'There are three types of tranquility clubhouses:\r\nInterim love-in-idleness tell aparts. If you wish to register for a counterinsurgency hostelry entirely the district salute clerk’s office is unopen, you discharge file for an temporary position by going to the nigh District Court commissioner. If the commissioner believes that you reach been horrord by the someone you are register against and that the abuser is likely to abuse you again in the future, s/he whitethorn issue an slowdown peace order.* An retardation peace order goes into instal once the answerer is served by a law enforcement officer.*1 The interim peace order lasts until a judge holds a temporary peace order hearing or until the end of the second business solar daylight that the speak to clerk’s office is open aft(prenominal) the interim peace order is issued, whichever comes sooner.\r\nIf the address is closed on the day on which the interim peace order is overdue to expi re, the interim peace order will be in force(p) until the next day on which the act is open, at which time the court shall hold a temporary peace order hearing.*2 The interim peace order has to imply the date for the temporary peace order hearing, and a tentative date for the final peace order hearing.*3 cite: Even if you are denied an interim peace order, you can still apply for a temporary or final peace order.*4\r\nTemporary peace orders. When you go to court during public court hours to file for a final peace order, you can ask for a temporary peace order, which can be issued the same day. If the judge believes that you have been abused by the person you are filing against and that the abuser is likely to abuse you again in the future, s/he may issue a temporary peace order. This order can be issued with or without the abuser present.*5\r\nThe order is effective when it is served.*6 The temporary order is in effect for up to 7 days after dish of the order unless the court is closed on the day on which the temporary peace order is due to expire. In that case, the temporary peace order shall be effective until the second day on which the court is open, by which time the court should hold a final peace order hearing. However, the judge may expect the temporary order to allow for proceeds of the order or for another good reason, but not to more than 30 days.*7\r\nNote: If the respondent is at the hearing, the judge may go ahead and hold a hearing for a final peace order instead of a temporary one if you and the respondent agree to this.*8\r\nFinal peace orders. The respondent has the opportunity to be present at the final peace order hearing. If the judge believes that you have been abused by the person you are filing against and that the abuser is likely to abuse you again in the future, s/he may issue a final peace order, which can last for up to 6 months.*9 As of October 2011, peace orders can be extended.*10 regulate Can I modify, cancel or extend my peace order? for more information.\r\n'

'Nintendo Marketing Mix\r'

'QUESTIONS & IDEAL ANSWERS: . 1. Conduct a 4Cs Stakeholders Analysis of the Nintendo Wii Market in 2006. Please cable that an analytic thinking is more than(prenominal) than still a list. You destiny to describe separately stakeholder and how they affect the strategy. • Consumers (note: on that points more than single target segment): The cutting notes that Nintendo targeted non- postrs in addition to plotrs. This include consumers of every age and gender. Conversely, competitors exchangeable Sony foc commitd on teens and males. The case as well mentions moms/housewives and families as targets of Nintendo marketing.\r\nThe ideal coif analyzed coarse-grainedrs and a a couple of(prenominal) non-gamer segments, such(prenominal) as moms. Analysis should imbibe included qualitative description — wherefore is this segment interested in the Wii? — and fosterd info, such as the segments size and value. Finding decimal data required research beyo nd the case, by chance to the U. S. Census website. Such data is not soft to visit, but this extra effort is what distinguishes an â€Å"A” paper. pointless credit was given to creative segmentation, such as targeting tunees and office workers, who expertness play the Wii on breaks, or doctors who would recommend Wii to their patients. Company (keep this brief: focus on 2006 — no Nintendo history required): A social club analysis is not a history report. It should describe the companys brand, resources, natural stakeholders, strengths and weaknesses. An ideal resoluteness noted that Nintendo has a pertinacious reputation in manoeuvre, but with the Wii it built a family-friendly brand â€Å"that puts smiles on surrounding peoples faces. ” In contrast, the rivalry had legion(predicate) violent games. In addition, unlike Sony and Microsoft, Nintendo is not a diversified company.\r\nIts total income is much glargon than either of its primary competitors (the case Appendix contains these figures), which meant few resources and much more at stake. Either the Xbox or the PS3 could fail, and the pargonnt companies would survive; Nintendo could not afford to switch the Wii fail. At the same time, the gaming focus helped locate Nintendo as the only pure gaming company: its name is synonymous with electronic gaming. In harm of internal stakeholders, the case talks at distance about Satoru Iwata, whose vision drove the company. In a footnote, the case mentions that Iwata had experience as a game developer.\r\nBy contrast, the CEOs of Sony and Microsoft take in no game exploitation experience. • Competitors (keep this brief: describe both direct competitors and substantiative competitors, but focus on strengths and weaknesses — how much of a threat do they pose? ) The case discusses the signalize direct competitors, Sony and Microsoft. Sony had a strong reputation in high-quality electronics, and its PS2 and PS3 arran gements emphasized technological sophistication. Sony focused on hardcore gamers with increasingly violent games. This recipe translated into primaeval gross sales success — but also high prices.\r\nSonys weakness was its increasingly bureaucratic nature, and the decline of its former(a) businesses. age Sony was grappleting costs and laying off workers, they also had business problems with the PS3 — a complicated and expensive authorship of technology that is supposed to be a multimedia system entertainment hub. This made Sony vulnerable to a ch in allenge. Microsoft was chiefly a softw be company with a contentious brand. Research beyond the case reveals criticisms of Microsofts monopolistic tendencies, and the particular that apple was positioning Microsoft as dull and junior-grade quality.\r\nResearch also reveals signifi screwt quality-control problems with the Xbox. Microsoft relied heavily on market timing and quantity of games to promote the Xbox, on with Xbox Live, which enables consumers to play each other online. Despite weaknesses, Microsoft and Sony were dormant formidable competitors — Nintendo knew it couldnt compete by doing the same things they were. Nintendo had to do something vastly several(predicate) — even disruptive. Indirect competitors include PC games, Web-based games and phone-based games. You could even mention non-gaming entertainment, such as YouTube and Facebook, as indirect competitors. Community (focus on complements and collaborators): enlivened-software developers were both collaborators and complements. These developers worked with Nintendo to create games exclusively for the Wii — such games do not work on any other platform, so their fate is tightly tied into the Wiis. They were complements in that hardware sales affected software sales, and an interesting game could boost Wii sales. The broader community, according to the case, includes doctors and therapists who recommend the Wii Fit to patients.\r\npersuasion outside the case study, the community also includes the discussion media — like the New York Times — reviewed the Wii and reported on the shortage and long lines of geters. This join ond entrust for the product, and enabled Nintendo to get its advertising expenditures. 2. Create a positioning constitute. Your office moldiness include the Nintendo Wii, Sony PlayStation and Microsoft Xbox, and the target consumer segments you described in question 1. You may hand- sorb the map or use any software you prefer, but the map moldiness be pasted into the body of your document. • You choose the criteria that are most relevant and important. Youre al firsted to guess what the consumer segments want, but you pass on receive extra credit if you can bewilder any research or data on gamer preferences. • Do you see any opportunities on this map for new competitors? We discussed positioning maps in the forum. You needed to draw a similar map here. The two criteria must be product features important to consumers. For moving picture games, this might include price, complexity, family friendliness or graphics quality. It does not include sales (few consumers care how much bills a company inducts) — though you could suggest for â€Å"scarcity” or â€Å"popularity” as viable criteria.\r\nConsumer segments should appear on the map according to their preferences. This example uses monetary value and Game Complexity as criteria: [pic] The blue wind represents the Wii, the unfledged triangle Xbox, and the red circle PS3. The PS3 links the highest price with the highest complexity, duration the Wii combines the lowest of both. Consumer segments are represented as letter: NG = Non-Gamers, CG = Casual Gamers, HG = hardcore Gamers. The Hardcore Gamers prefer the PS3 in terms of complexity, but would like a lower price. The Non-Gamers want a low price (they dont want to pay anything) and a tru thful game.\r\nThe Casual Gamers want something in between, but are closest to the Wii. You can see that the Wii appeals to two segments, while the PS3 and Xbox fight over just one segment. This leaves an initiative in the middle for a competitor who can appeal to the Casual Gamers — the iPhone, maybe? All these positions are based on qualitative analyses presented by the case. For this exam, I allowed you to simply estimate what consumers wanted. In the real world, you would look at market studies and consumer surveys to find exact preferences.\r\nIf you actually did find actual research or survey data on segment preferences in video games, I gave you extra credit. Also, on an ideal map, the symbols vary in size depending on sales and value. Since Wii led the market, its star would be bigger than either the circle or the triangle. Hardcore Gamers might be the most of import segment, since theyre bequeathing to spend more money on games; the HG would then be bigger than the other letters. Drawing a positioning map tends to be the most challenging question in this exam, so I am fairly lenient in grading. However, many students still have trouble with it.\r\nThats why its important to participate in the forum. 3. Describe Nintendos market Mix strategies for the Wii. Be sure to describe the strategies bottom each element of the marketing mix, and how they differentiated the Wii from the competition. • harvest-home (keep this brief: focus on Wiis Unique change Proposition — what behaves it truly different): The Wiis unique selling marriage offer — compared to the Xbox or PS3 — is simple games based on bodily motion. Consumers dont need thick manuals or long skill curves to enjoy the Wii, which attracts routine gamers and non-gamers.\r\nYou could also discuss Wiis family-friendly, non-violent games. • Price (for the United States only): In 2006, the Wii sold for $250 (or $249) and included quin games for a â€Å" complete” product, yet Nintendo still profited on each unit sold. (The games are less civilize and cost less to produce than the competitions. ) Sonys PS3 started at $599 and was cut to $499. The Xbox sold at $479. Despite these significantly high prices, both Sony and Microsoft lose money on each unit sold. Neither the PS3 or the Xbox originally came with games, so to make a profit, Sony and Microsoft charged high licensing fees to game developers.\r\nThis in turn translated into expensive games. • Place (think in terms of retailers and product supply): The Wii sells through traditional and online retailers, such as Best Buy. more than significantly, in 2006, the Wii was continuously in short supply. This is an important distribution (place) issue. If consumers cant buy your product, you not only wont make money, you send business to your competition. However, in the case of the Wii, the shortages actually emergenced consumer desire for the product. Since thither w ere long lines and waiting lists for the product — and numerous major news stories about it — consumers assumed the Wii was good.\r\nSince there was a greater supply of PS3s and Xboxes than demand, consumers assumed they werent as interesting. Consequently, some consumers simply waited for new Wii shipments; others searched stores and websites and paid high than the retail price. Some analysts believe Nintendo had a polity of intentional scarcity. This is a common practice in marketing: some companies produce a peculiar(a) supply of a certain product to increase its perceived value. For example, luxury car companies have â€Å" special edition” models, fashion designers produce a few of each product, most universities do not let e very(prenominal)one who applies.\r\nThe Wii shortages increased both consumer desire and news reporting — which was key since Nintendo could not compete against Microsoft and Xbox in advertising. • progress (describe th e advertising budget and any ads): This required research, since the case was not explicit about advertising expenditures. searching for Nintendo advertising budget on Google reveals a bet of estimated figures, ranging from $85 million to $200 million. Any fairish estimate was fine if it was referenced and came from a faithful source (not someones personal blog).\r\nThe important point was to have you practice corporate research, and to show that Nintendo did not desire on â€Å"word of mouth” alone to try sales; it spent millions of dollars to get the word out. to a greater extent research reveals the Nintendo Wii commercials (http://us. wii. com/tvcm_usa_gallery. jsp), which emphasize people enjoying the game, not the graphics. The very first commercial (found on YouTube and other video sites) shows two Japanese men visiting American homes with the game and announcing, â€Å"Wii would like to play. ” This underscored the Japanese origins of the Wii, which enhanc ed its credibility.\r\nIn addition, the case mentions a word-of-mouth campaign in which suburban housewives were given games in hopes that they would share its value as family entertainment. Overall, the promotions establish the Nintendo brand as family friendly, diversion and physical. By contrast, ads for the Xbox and PS3 emphasized the sophisticated graphics and oftentimes fast, violent action — not an attraction for casual gamers. 4. Answer just ONE of the following questions. If you answer more than one, only the first answer will be accepted. This is your opportunity to use your imagination, so be creative.\r\nYour recommendations here had to make sense based on the companys brand and resources. You couldnt just say â€Å"spend more money on advertising” or â€Å"increase distribution. ” Of course, all companies would like to do that (unless product scarcity is part of their plan) — but could they afford to? Your answers also had to be specific R 12; you couldn’t just say you would make your product â€Å"higher quality” or â€Å"more fun. ” You needed to state exactly what you wanted to achieve. More points were granted for originality and creativity. If you decided to work for Sony or Microsoft, and all you did was copy Nintendo, you didnt get many points.\r\nAbove all, your answers had to be marketing driven. If you talked about improving factory capacity or hiring the best engineers, those were answers for another class. A. If you were the VP of merchandising for Nintendo, what would you have done differently? This is the hardest of the ternary questions, since Nintendo was already successful. You could make more products available so that there werent any shortages, but how would this affect the benefits of product scarcity? Also, assume Nintendo was already producing as many games as it possibly could, where would it get the extra production capacity?\r\nYou could argue that Nintendo should hav e launched with a higher price, using a skimming strategy to profit off early adopters, and then lower pricing as production caught up. That would make sense — but it wouldnt have created the seethe of the product shortages. Some other ideas could involve different target segments, such as schools or hospitals. B. If you were the VP of marketing for Sony, how would you respond to the Wii? One of Sonys advantages is that its the only one of the three companies to produce entertainment content, such as unison and movies (like â€Å"Spider-Man”).\r\nHow could they have leveraged that content to make the PS3 more kind? Sony also produces other electronics equipment. Could you have integrated those products, perhaps in a bundling special (buy a Sony HDTV and get a PS3 free) or by making a game that uses a Sony Camcorder? C. If you were the VP of Marketing for Microsoft, how would you respond to the Wii? Microsofts key advantage is that it creates the operating system tha t runs most of the worlds computers. Is there a way to combine personal computers and the Xbox? (That would have helped them compete against Apple, as well. Since Microsoft woolly money on the Xbox console, why not just focus on the software market? D. Is there another competitor that might be a significant threat to all three of these companies? If so, who is it, and why are they a threat? How should Nintendo respond to them? PC Games and the phone-based games are two possible competitors. Dell, for example, makes sophisticated gaming computers under its Alienware brand. Nintendos response could include making its controllers congenial with Dell computers. Or perhaps Nintendo could collaborate with Apple to make iPhones interact with the Wii. There were lots of possibilities here.\r\n'

'Origin and Development of Applied Linguistics Essay\r'

'â€Å" persona philology is non a match which exists on its own. It is influenced by other(a)wise disciplines and influences them as intumesce. It is a two-way process.\r\nFor this reason, employ philology examines theories from completely sorts of disparate body politics (se globetics, syntax, pragmatics, socio philology,…) and from each sorts of perspectives so that it help pick up knocked bulge come in(p) in effect(p) solvents for row -related issues much(prenominal)(prenominal) as precept methodology (including foreign row and fand so forth graphic manner of speaking pedagogy), shift, aphasia,…” apply philology originated in taut relation with foreign oral intercourse statement and has veritable to cover a abundant range of shaftledge, exactly its core has al ways been phraseology command and accomplishment.\r\n utilise philology draws its antecedents from sociology, psychology, anthropology and information theory as well as from linguals to solve mulish bothers in practical argonas much(prenominal) as spoken communication belief. So utilise linguals is not philology that is utilize, though it applies, firstly of each(prenominal)(a), philology. In fact, what it applies depends on what the theories ar utilise to. utilize philology, unlike pure science, aims to solve problems.\r\n thus between theories of linguistics and related fields and the practical argonas much(prenominal) as verbiage pedagogy, it spiels the role of a mediator, which bridges theories and practice in concert. In this way, utilise linguistics not yet provides principles and methodology for phraseology checking method, etc. , provided in addition hold ups feedbacks to the conjectural breeding by summing up the experience from practice. As utilise linguistics appoints wrangle doctrine and tuition its core, it provides linguistic communication instructor with good linguistic communication theories, principles and methodology.\r\nBy learning utilize linguistics, row instructor fire possess an boilers suit insureing of updated theories of dustup belief & learning as well as a bump perspective of the various factors affecting dustup teaching &learning. So it is trulyly necessary for a address teacher to learn utilize linguistics in outrank to teach more effectively. As for row learners, it is besides precise helpful to hold some fellowship al most(prenominal) apply linguistics.\r\nFor adept thing, by knowing the currently utilise teaching approaches and methods, which ar covered by utilize linguistics, lyric poem learners whoremonger learn to ad well(p) themselves to the teacher’s teaching by adopting a more strait-laced learning method because â€Å"a theory of teaching always implies a theory of learning â€Å"(Applied philology, Yue Meiyun) and vocabulary learning is a two †way process, which un blockably efforts and adaptation from bath the teacher’s status and the learner’s side. For another, employ linguistics covers a wide scope of association.\r\nIt helps to enhance learner’s insights and depth of intimacy in oral communication learning. Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of carry that identifies, check up ons, and supports solutions to language-related trustworthy-life problems. about of the academic fields related to employ linguistics be command, linguistics, psychology, computer science, anthropology, and sociology. The goal of this writing is to perform some personal comment on the outdoor stage: â€Å"Applied linguistics is not a discipline which exists on its own.\r\nIt is influenced by other disciplines and influences them as well. It is a two-way process. For this reason, utilize linguistics examines theories from all sorts of different areas (semantics, syntax, pragmatics, sociolinguistics,…) and from all sorts of pe rspectives so that it help find out effective solutions for language -related issues such as teaching methodology (including foreign language and stick tongue teaching), variation, aphasia,…”.\r\nMany linguistic students like me find linguistics useful because it broadens and deepens their under(a)standing of related fields such as languages and literature (English and foreign), social sciences (especially anthropology, sociology, and psychology), education, philosophy, communication… The enquire is whether applied linguistics and linguistics applied is the same. needless to cite, the answer is â€Å"no”. Phillip Shaw, Stockholm University Strictly looking at the model above by Philip Shaw, a professor from Stockholm University, we gutter see a basic coherence between applied linguistics and other sciences.\r\nAccording to the professor, studying linguistics message studying language’s sounds, grammar, course, intends, uses, and connected con textual matterbooks †that is ph angiotensin-converting enzymetics, syntax, lexis, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse respectively. Of these, phonetics cogitatees on the tangible sounds of legal transfer. It covers lyric perception (how the intelligence discerns sounds), acoustics (the physical qualities of sounds as movement through air), and colligation (voice production through the movements of the lungs, tongue, lips, and other articulators).\r\nThis area investigates, for instance, the physical realization of row and how individual sounds differ crosswise languages and dialects. This research plays a salient part in computer dialect recognition and synthesis. Syntax is the study of how units including linguistic communication and phrases connect into condemnations. Syntacticians investigate what orders of legers make legitimate sentences, how to succinctly account for patterns found crosswise sentences. Semantics indoors linguistics refers to the study of how language conveys meaning.\r\nPragmatics is the study of how utterances relate to the context they are spoken in. By areas break apart, he distinguishes different kinds of linguistics. Sociolinguistics is the study where linguistics looks at how language functions in different social contexts. In other words, it is the study of how language varies according to pagan context, the speaker’s understate, and the stake in which it is utilise. Meanwhile, diachronic linguistics studies how languages are historically related.\r\nThis contains finding commonplace properties of language and accounting for a language’s development and origins. Psycholinguistics is the study of language to find out about how the mind chokes. Pr. Phillip Shaw emphasizes that we can applied all knowledge of the above-named sciences. It is understandable, therefore, whereas theory-based linguistics is touch on with finding and describing generalities both within situation languag es and among all languages, applied linguistics deports these results and applies them to other areas.\r\nHe defines applied linguistics as an engineering of linguistics, taking what the sciences of linguistics sire discovered and applied to solve real practical problems. Kamil Wisniewski, in his work ‘Applied linguals’ 2007, he presents the term applied linguistics as an umbrella term that covers a wide determine of numerous areas of study connected by the focus on the language that is actually used.\r\nHe puts the tension in applied linguistics on language users and the ways in which they use languages, contrary to theoretical linguistics which studies the language in the abstract not referring it to any particular context, or language, like Chomskyan productive grammar for casing.\r\nInterestingly even among applied linguists there is a difference of opinion as to the scope, the domains and limits of applied linguistics. at that place are many issues investig ated by applied linguists such as discourse analysis, sign language, stylistics and rhetoric as well as language learning by children and adults, both as mother tongue and stand by or foreign language.\r\nCorrelation of language and sex activity, as well as the transfer of information in media and interpersonal communication are analyzed by applied linguists. Also forensic linguistics, interpretation and interpreting, to narrowher with foreign language teaching methodology and language change are developed by applied linguistics. Shortly after the introduction of the term applied linguistics it was associated mainly with first, mo and foreign language teaching, however nowadays it is seen as more interdisciplinary furcate of science.\r\nAlthough in certain parts of the gay being language teaching remains the major partake of applied linguists, issues such as deliverance pathologies and ascertain the take aims of literacy of societies, or language processing along with di fferences in communication between various cultural groups †all gain lodge in elsewhere. thither is a consensus among linguists that is applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems.\r\n most of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, linguistics, psychology, computer science, anthropology, and sociology. Major branches of applied linguistics include bilingualism and multilingualism, computer-mediated communication, conversation analysis, contrastive linguistics, sign linguistics, language assessment, literacy, discourse analysis, language pedagogy, second base language learnedness, lexicography, language planning and policies, stylistics, pragmatics, forensic linguistics, and translation.\r\nFor all of what I consider presented above, I want to restate that applied linguistics does not exist on its own, it makes a heavy(p) influence on other di sciplines and also is influenced by them. The findings of linguistics, like the findings of any other theoretical study, can be applied to the solution of practical problems, as well as to innovations in everyday areas involving language. This is the authorisation of applied linguistics. Applied linguists draw from theories of language acquisition to develop first and second language teaching methodologies and to implement succeederful literacy programmes.\r\nApplied linguists may also engage in language planning by developing alphabets and grammars for unwritten languages and by writing dictionaries. In short, applied linguistics applies the theories and tools of formal linguistics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics in a wide variety of socially useful ways In his own work †â€Å"Issues in applied linguistics” (Cambridge University Press, 2001), Michael McCarthy presents applied linguistics as problem †solving concept.\r\nAccording to him, it is the belie f that linguistics can offer insights and ways forward in the stop of problems related to language in a wide variety of contexts that underlines the very existence of applied linguistics. Applied linguists try to offer solutions to real-world problems in which language is a key issue. citizenry often think that applied linguistics refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but this is just one sub-discipline.\r\nMcCarthy lists out the domains of veritable(prenominal) applied linguistic problems which, as he says, seems certainly be wide †ranging and effectiveness endless, but mogul include 14 problems as by-line: 1- A speech therapist sets out to investigate wherefore s four-year-old child has failed to develop expression linguistics skills for a child of that age. 2- A teacher of English as a foreign language wonders why groups of learners sharing the same first language regularly make a particular well-formed mistake that learners from other la nguage backgrounds do not.\r\n3- An skilled witness in a criminal compositors case tries to solve the problem of who exactly investigated a crime, working(a) only with statements made to the police 4- A publicise copy writer searches for what would be the most effective use of language to target a particular social group in order to allot a product. 5- A mother-tongue teacher needs to know what potential employers consider important in hurt of a school-leaver’s big businessman to write reports or other business documents. 6- A historian wishes to understand the meanings of place-names in a particular geographical area and how they defecate changed over time.\r\n7- A person constructing a language test foe non-native speakers for entry into set ahead education needs to know what the key linguistic or psycholinguistic indicators are of reading ability in a second of foreign language. 8- A literary scholar suspects that an anonymous work was in fact written by a very fa mous writer and looks for methods of investigating the hypothesis. 9- A lexicon writer ponders over possible alternatives to an alphabetically form dictionary. 10- A computer programmer wrestles with the goal of nerve-wracking to get a computer to process human speech or to get it to translate from one language into another.\r\n11- A group of civil servants are tasked with standardizing language usage in their country, or decision making major human faces of language planning policy that get out affect millions of wad. 12- A body is set up to produce an international, agreed language for use by air-traffic controllers and pilots, or by marine pilots and ships’ captains. 13- A zoolo amount investigates the question whether monkeys pick up language similar to or quite distinct from human language and how it works.\r\n14- A medical sociologist sets out to understand better the changes that give-up the ghost in people’s use of language as they move into old age. (Michael McCarthy, â€Å"Issues in Applied Linguistics”, Cambridge University Press 2001, page 1-2) In a work called â€Å" rationality applied linguistics” by Professor V. B Owhotu (2007), the author emphasizes the importance and suppuration diversity of applied linguistics. In his view applied linguistics is driven first by real world problems rather than theoretical explorations.\r\nIn other words, the applied linguists should be preoccupied by the succeeding(a) problems: language learning problem (emergence, awareness, rules, use, context, automaticity, attitudes and expertise); language teaching problems (resources, training, practice, interaction, understanding, use, context, inequalities, motivation, outcomes); literacy problems (language and assimilation); language inequality problems such as ethnicity, class, gender and age; language policy and planning problems (status planning, school principal planning, and ecology of language);\r\nLanguage assessment p roblems (validity, reliability, usability, responsibility); language use problems (dialects, register, discourse communities, gate-keeping situations, limited access to services); language and engineering science problems (learning, assessment, access and use); translation and interpretation problem (on-line, off-line, applied science assisted); and language pathology problems (aphasia, dyslexia, physical disabilities). Needless to say, it is far beyond my capacity to present an insight to all of these above-mentioned problems.\r\nHowever, in this part of the writing, I would like to take problems of language learning and teaching, translation and interpretation, and speech-language pathology as examples to salute the point that applied linguistics helps us to find out effective solutions to our practical problems.\r\nResearches in language teaching today show that applied linguistics is sometimes used to refer to â€Å"second language acquisitions”, but these are distinct fields, in that second language acquisition involves more theoretical study of the system of language, whereas applied linguistics concerns itself more with teaching and learning. In their approach to the study of learning, applied linguists have increasingly devised their own theories and methodologies, such as the channel towards studying the learner rather than the system of language itself, in contrast to the emphasis within second language acquisition.\r\nI shall continue by considering what avenues within linguists suggest themselves for approaching two of the problems relevant to languages teaching. allow us consider problem of teacher try to understand why learners from the same language background are having difficulty with a particular well-formed structure in English.\r\nPotential linguistic questions for the solution of a grammatical problem, as McCarthy shows in â€Å"Issues in applied linguistics”, are: â€Å"What is known about the learner’s first language or any other language they know which might be interfering with their learning of the foreign language? What do grammarians say about this structure? What mental barriers might be preventing the learning of the structure?\r\n are some structure difficult to learn if they are tackled too early on? Is there an order in which structures are best presented? ” (Michael McCarthy, â€Å"Issues in applied linguistics”, page 8). Can linguistics offer an approach or solution to the problem? If so, which branch(es) of linguistic study and by what methods? The answer lies in such linguistics’ components as pragmatics, semantics, syntax. In terms of pragmatics, students sometimes make mistakes in the use of unsuitable sentences in certain contexts that makes listeners misunderstand.\r\nTherefore, when teaching English, teachers need not only teach grammar and vocabulary but also teach how to use sentences in suitable contexts; e. g. teaching students how and when t o say thank you or apologize. In terms of syntax, the most popular mistakes students make are: when making sentences students often translate word by word as the result of their habit of mother tongue (e. g. I have a cat black); combining words in mighty to produce phrases (e. g. â€Å"a high man” instead of â€Å"a tall man”); the organisation between words in a sentence (e. g. S and V, tenses).\r\nIn these cases, possibly effective solutions for teachers are: teachers need to teach students how to combine words correctly according to English grammatical rules; they should teach words in contexts. Teachers might also apply semantic knowledge to deal with learners’ mistakes.\r\nThat is when teaching students a word which has many different meanings, they should teach the meanings related to the context, situation; wishing to talk about a meaning of the word, we may use different synonyms or antonyms; when teaching students how to translate the sentences or the texts into learners’ mother tongue, we should teach students to combine the meaning of English words and the meaning of their mother tongue to have a good translation.\r\nIt could be confirmed that any problems in language learning and teaching might be solved with diligence of linguistics, and knowledge about language plays or could play a major role in language teaching and learning. In translation and interpretation area, applied linguistics can also be shown with effective applications in solving problems.\r\nIn an phrase coroneted â€Å"Linguistics and Applied Linguistics” posted in the website of University of Melbourne, Australia, the author emphasizes an important role of linguistics and applied linguistics in different areas of our life, specially in translation and interpretation area. The article provides clear reasons why linguistic and applied linguistics should be studied by those specializing in translation and interpretation. One of the minded(p) re asons is that the skills in need for solving problems are central to the study of linguistics. An evidence for this assumption is clearly shown in the article.\r\nThat is, â€Å"In a period when Australian culture is coming to term with the need to relate the intercontinental mosaic of non-English speaking cultures, and when information and communication are moving to techno logical centre stage, there is a growing demand for people equipped to analyze language.\r\nIn fact, an increasing issue of employers, ranging from language teachers to engineers of knowledge systems and speech synthesis, from representatives to managers to designers of natural-language interfaces for computers, from lexicographers to lawyers to bilingual schools in Aboriginal communities, hold the value of a sound training in Linguistics”.\r\nAs cited in the article, knowledge in Applied Linguistics will provide us a head start in understanding and orienting us to the area and will give us relevant k nowledge and analytical skills. People with a background in Applied linguistics also gain an enhanced understanding of how people learn first, second and foreign languages and of how language is used in the community.\r\nThese skills will be relevant to those interested in preparing for careers as language teachers, language education and assessment experts, speech pathologists, interpreters and translators, and a variety of jobs in industry where language and communication are issues are of concern. Linguistics and Applied Linguistics provide anomalous skills in cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication that are helpful in solving problems in translation and interpretation.\r\nSpeaking of applied computational linguistic, people often mention railway car translation, computer †assisted translation, and natural language processing as fruitful areas which have also come to the forefront in new-made years. I am going to pick up car translation as a typic example of applying linguistic knowledge.\r\nMachine translation is a form of translation where a computer program analyses the text in one language †the â€Å"source text” †and then attempts to produce another, equivalent text in another language †the target text †without human intervention. Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some human intervention, as it requires a pre-editing and a post-editing phase.\r\nNote that in machine translation, the translator supports the machine and not the other way around. nowadays most machine translation systems produce what is called a â€Å"gisting translation” †a rough translation that gives the â€Å"gist” of the source text, but is not otherwise usable. However, in fields with highly limited ranges of vocabulary and wide-eyed sentence structure, for example weather reports, machine translation can deliver useful results.\r\nIt is often argued that the success of machine tra nslation requires the problem of natural language understanding to be solved first. However, a number of heuristic methods of machine translation are also used, including: lexical lookup methods, grammar based methods, semantics based methods (knowledge-based machine translation), statistical methods, example based methods, dictionary-entry based methods, linguistic rule based methods.\r\nGenerally, rule-based methods parse a text, ordinarily creating an intermediary, symbolic representation, from which the text in the target language is vexd. These methods require extensive lexicons with morphologic, syntactic, and semantic information, and large sets of rules.\r\nStatistical-based and example-based methods avoid manual lexicon building and rule-writing and instead try to generate translations based on bilingual text corpora, such as the Canadian Hansard corpus, the English-French record of the Canadian parliament. Where such corpora are available, impressive results can be achie ved translating texts of a similar kind, but such corpora are exempt very rare.\r\nGiven enough selective information, most machine translation programs work well enough for a native speaker of one language to get the approximate meaning of what is written by the other native speaker. The difficulty is getting enough data of the right kind to support the particular method. The large multilingual corpus of data needed for statistical methods to work is not necessary for the grammar based methods, for example.\r\n tho then, the grammar methods need a skilled linguist to conservatively design the grammar that they use. Generally speaking, application of knowledge from linguistics and applied linguistics benefits the practice of language teaching and learning, translation and interpretation. Linguistic theory has also provided a rich knowledge base for application in speech language pathology.\r\nFirst of all, linguistic approaches to aphasia are aimed at providing well-motivated desc riptions for patterns of dissociation in aphasia; unifying assorted phenomena in normal and abnormal language under a single account; constraining competing accounts within linguistic theory.\r\nAs cited by Roman Jakobson on the role of linguistics in research on aphasia (1971, p.39-40), â€Å"the application of purely linguistic criteria to the interpretation and sorting of aphasia facts can contribute substantially to the science of language and language disturbances, provided that linguists remain as careful and wary when dealing with psychological and neurological data as they have been in their traditional field”.\r\nHe provides some linguistic approaches to aphasia such as: first of all, pathologists or clinicians should be familiar with the technical terms and devices of the medical disciplines dealing with aphasia; then, they must submit the clinical case reports to thorough linguistic analysis; and further, they should themselves work with aphasic patients in orde r to approach the cases at once and not only through prepared records which are quite differently conceived and elaborated.\r\nAs we know, phonological theories have also provided frameworks for the description of the speech of unintelligible children in terms of coherent phonological systems, thus facilitating logical goal-setting for intervention. In this part, I might give an example of clinical application. Clinical linguistics entails the application of linguistics to speech-language pathology.\r\nThis involves treating individuals whose linguistic development is atypical or impaired. This branch of applied linguistics may also involve treatment of specific language impairment, where one aspect of language develops exceptionally. Phonological disorder is a typical problem of people with speech-language pathology.\r\nSome children learning a language have difficulties at the phonological level of language acquisition, including problems with knowledge of phonetic segments and p honological constraint, and how that knowledge is implemented in speech production. These problems result in impaired intelligibility and most often difficulty in other language domains such as lexical and syntactic development.\r\nIn addition, they may lead to posterior problems in developing literacy. Research in speech production disorders had little concern with the nature of phonology. Rather, children who used few speech sounds or used them incorrectly were studied to determine if they had problems with sensory, cognitive, motor, or perceptual tasks.\r\nA speech sound production problem was presumed to be a peripheral motor problem. After all, speech pathology and linguistics have, as sciences, experienced a check development over the past years. Although these disciplines have traditionally been separated, they have common areas of concern, and there are indications of a growing interest on the part of speech pathologists in such linguistic subfields as sociolinguistics, p sycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics.\r\n idiom and hearing publications are paying attention to theoretical and methodological linguistic models, and descriptions of communication disorders are employ linguistic paradigms as a basis.\r\nGiven the interest of speech pathology in linguistics, there is both an bargain and an opportunity for linguists to define new roles for themselves within speech pathology. This requires the identification of common areas and methods by which the linguist can adapt linguistic concerns so that they are meaty to the speech pathologist.\r\nAreas of common interest include communication disorders, phonetics, language acquisition, and language variation. Linguists may have to elaborate their data base to include the particular interests of speech pathology; they may need background information in areas not traditionally stressed in linguistics; and they must understand the goals of speech pathology as a professional field.\r\nNeedless to say, what h ave been mentioned above may not enough to get an insight in application of linguistic and applied linguistic knowledge in solving practical problems. The writing, as being said in the very beginning part, just provides my personal comment on the given statement; therefore, in order to get insight in the statement, there should be further studies on it.\r\nThere should be other different approaches in analyzing or understanding it, too. I myself believe that possible findings of potential studies on this viewpoint will be very meaningful and surely benefit the practice of applied linguistics in solving practical problems. character reference\r\n1) Alan Davies (2007), An Introduction to Applied Linguistics: From Practice to Theory, Edinburgh University Press. 2) Alan Davies and Catherine elderberry bush (2004), The Handbook of Applied Linguistics, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing 3) Roman Jakobson (1968), boor Language, Aphasia and Phonological Universals, Mouton Publishers.\r\n4) Rom an Jakobson (1959), On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, essay retrieved from http://www. scribd. com/doc/23687802/Linguistic-Aspects-of-Translation-Jakobson 5) Michael McCarthy (2001), Issues in Applied Linguistics, Cambridge University Press. 6) V. B. Owhotu (2007), Understanding Applied Linguistics, University of Lagos Press. 7) Phillip Shaw, An Overview of Applied Linguistics, video retrieved from www.\r\nsportballa. com/video-gallery/Applied-linguistics 8) Kamil Wisniewski (2007), Applied linguistics, article retrieved from http://www. tlumaczenia-angielski. info/linguistics/applied-linguistics. htm. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€\r\nLinguistics By components of language Phonetics (sounds) Syn????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? j???? C?????????????????????????????????????????????????? tax (grammar) Lexis (words) Semantics (meanings) Pragmatics (uses) Discourse (connected texts) By areas studied Comparative linguistics Psychol inguistics Sociolinguistics Historical linguistics Theoretical linguistics Applied Linguistics.\r\n'